{"id":28384,"date":"2022-06-24T10:08:37","date_gmt":"2022-06-24T10:08:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/?p=28384"},"modified":"2023-08-03T10:49:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T10:49:17","slug":"what-is-fileless-malware-and-how-to-protect-against-attacks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/what-is-fileless-malware-and-how-to-protect-against-attacks\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Fileless Malware and How to Protect Against Attacks?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cybercrime has always been a threat to businesses, especially those relying on infotech. Its global cost reached <\/span>$6 trillion in 2021<\/span><\/a>, which is a scary statistic. Thus, corporate awareness about malware, phishing, scamming, etc., is a must.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, in this blog post, we discuss one of the common <\/span>types of malware<\/span><\/a> on the rise lately: <\/span>Fileless malware<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Before we get into it: <\/span>What is malware<\/span>? Malware is short for malicious software used to enter a system to steal or intercept crucial data.<\/span><\/p>\n

Read on to learn about<\/span> fileless malware<\/b> types, examples, and ways to spot and prevent it.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is Fileless Malware?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Fileless malware<\/span> is malicious software that doesn\u2019t require any file to infiltrate your system. This is atypical of other malware, like <\/span>viruses<\/span><\/a>. Basically, attackers hide<\/span> fileless malware<\/b> within genuine programs to execute spiteful actions. <\/span><\/p>\n

Generally, <\/span>fileless malware attacks<\/b> aim to make money or hamper a company\u2019s reputation. It\u2019s relatively difficult <\/span>to remove fileless malware<\/b> as it\u2019s memory-based, which means it doesn\u2019t have any signature like file-based malware such as <\/span>adware<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

How Does Fileless Malware Work?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Now, let\u2019s look at <\/span>how fileless malware works<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Fileless malware<\/b> operates in the system’s memory without being stored in a file or installed on your device. Most hackers use Microsoft Windows PowerShell, a tool for automating tasks, to execute malicious actions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since it\u2019s not file-based but rather memory-based, <\/span>fileless malware<\/b> doesn\u2019t require a cybercriminal to load malicious code onto a victim\u2019s system. Instead, bad actors exploit vulnerabilities on native tools to execute commands, code sequences, etc. that run on memory. <\/span><\/p>\n

This kind of malwareusually enters through a phishing email asking users to click or download a malicious link or attachment. It can also be injected or embedded directly into already-installed applications and other legitimate programs. This goes undetected by traditional security tools that typically scan files but not memory for anomalies indicating malware. <\/span><\/p>\n

Stages<\/b><\/h3>\n

Here are the four stages of a typical <\/span>fileless malware attack<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stage 1: Hackers Gain Remote Access<\/b><\/h4>\n

Just like other <\/span>types of cyberattacks<\/span><\/a>, a threat actor initiates a <\/span>fileless malware exploit <\/b>by establishing a foothold in the victim’s system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stage 2: Obtaining Credentials<\/b><\/h4>\n

After gaining remote access, they try different tricks to steal credentials of the compromised environment. This helps them move freely in the system and use <\/span>fileless malware<\/b> to fulfill their objective. <\/span><\/p>\n

Stage 3: Maintain Persistence<\/b><\/h4>\n

Next, cyberactors modify the settings to create a backdoor to return to the environment without repeating the previous steps. <\/span><\/p>\n

Stage 4: Data Exploitation and Escaping<\/b><\/h4>\n

Lastly, attackers steal or intercept compressed data and prepare for exfiltration. They may even encrypt data to attempt a <\/span>ransomware attack<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Example of Fileless Malware<\/b><\/h3>\n

Operation Cobalt Kitty is one of the most popular <\/span>fileless malware examples<\/b>. In this, hackers targeted an Asian company to steal proprietary business information using phishing emails. They used PowerShell to hit more than 40 computers and networks to gain a foothold in the system.<\/span><\/p>\n

What are the Types of Fileless Malware?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Threat actors are becoming more sophisticated and organized in planning and executing <\/span>fileless malware attacks<\/b> of various types. Here are some of them.<\/span><\/p>\n

Exploit Kits<\/b><\/h3>\n

Exploits are codes, commands, or data, that are collectively called exploit kits. Hackers use them to spot and exploit vulnerabilities in an operating system or software. <\/span><\/p>\n

This is a common method to attempt <\/span>fileless malware attacks<\/b> as direct injection to the RAM (random access memory) is possible. Like with <\/span>computer worms<\/span><\/a>, malicious actors can automate this process.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bad actors entice victims through <\/span>social engineering<\/span><\/a> or phishing emails containing malicious links or attachments. They then use exploit kits to scan and exploit vulnerabilities, often gaining total remote control over the victim\u2019s system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Registry Resident Malware<\/b><\/h3>\n

Registry resident malware self-installs in the Windows to stay active while remaining undetected. Usually, threat actors attack the Windows system through a dropper program that downloads corrupted files. However, in this case, the dropper itself writes malicious codes directly into the Windows registry. <\/span><\/p>\n

These spiteful codes are hidden in native files; hence it\u2019s challenging to<\/span> detect malware<\/span><\/a> of such kind. This <\/span>fileless malware<\/b> can also get activated every time the Windows operating system launches. <\/span><\/p>\n

Memory-Only Malware<\/b><\/h3>\n

Memory-only malware stays in the device\u2019s memory space only. It persists even when a victim reboots the infected device because it can re-execute itself. Registry entries and background intelligent transfer service or BITS tasks are the common mechanisms used for this exercise. BITS is a component used for downloads and uploads between devices and remote servers without degrading the network quality. <\/span><\/p>\n

One of the common memory-only <\/span>fileless malware examples <\/b>is Duqu 2.0, which resides in the memory. It has two versions; one allows an attacker to get a beachhead position, and the second helps in reconnaissance, lateral movement, and data exfiltration. <\/span><\/p>\n

Fileless Ransomware<\/b><\/h3>\n

These days <\/span>hybrid malware<\/span><\/a> attacks are on the rise. One of the common combinations is <\/span>fileless malware<\/b> and ransomware, collectively called fileless ransomware. Hackers implant malicious codes in documents and inject them directly into the systems\u2019 memory using exploit kits.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then they encrypt crucial data and demand ransom in exchange for the decryption key. Thus companies should know <\/span>how to prevent fileless malware attacks<\/b> and ransomware by regularly backing up crucial data. <\/span><\/p>\n

Stolen Credentials<\/b><\/h3>\n

At times, threat actors use other malware, such as<\/span> trojan viruses<\/span><\/a>,<\/span> to steal user credentials and attack by disguising themselves as legitimate users. Once entered, they use native tools like Windows Management Instrumentation for <\/span>fileless malware analysis<\/b>. Cybercriminals often hide codes in the registry or create user accounts to access the system without repeating the previous steps.<\/span><\/p>\n

How to Spot Fileless Malware?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Now that you’re fairly aware of <\/span>how fileless malware works<\/b>, it’s time to know how to spot it. It’ll also help to learn <\/span>how to remove fileless malware<\/b> in an infected system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since codes for <\/span>fileless malware attacks <\/b>are never written in disks themselves, they can\u2019t be detected using the usual allowlisting and signature-based authentication protocols. They go unspotted by traditional antivirus software and machine-learning methods as well.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, rely on indicators of attack instead of indicators of compromise. The indicators of attack or IOAs are signals of a <\/span>fileless malware attack<\/b> in progress. An IOA might not indicate an attack, but its combinations would. <\/span><\/p>\n

IOAs don\u2019t focus on the steps involved in compromising a system but rather observe signs of an attack in progress. <\/span>Fileless malware analysis<\/b> is done by examining the relation of the malicious action with other actions and its position in the series planned by the hacker. <\/span><\/p>\n

IOAs can even expose and avert ill-natured activities done using a genuine user account with stolen credentials.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

How to Prevent Fileless Malware?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Conscious steps taken to <\/span>prevent malware attacks<\/span><\/a> like <\/span>malvertising<\/span> and <\/span>fileless malware <\/b>can protect your database and brand image. Here are a few tips on <\/span>how to prevent fileless malware attacks<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Managed Threat Hunting Services<\/b><\/h3>\n

Threat hunting takes a lot of time and effort as you have to gather and standardize bulk data. Since it’s a 24\/7 drill, you can outsource it to agencies to monitor your systems proactively. It’ll work in addition to your traditional cybersecurity systems and ensure no malicious activity goes undetected. <\/span><\/p>\n

Phishing Prevention<\/b><\/h3>\n

The best thing you can do to <\/span>prevent fileless malware attacks<\/b> is to keep a watertight system. If you notice the following signs of phishing emails, don\u2019t open any attachments or click on any links.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • An unfamiliar greeting from a person who regularly sends you emails.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Emails creating a sense of urgency with words like ‘immediately.’<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Unusual requests like asking for login credentials (even if they seem legitimate). <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Education and Awareness Sessions for Employees<\/b><\/h3>\n

    Regular sessions educating employees about the practices to avoid <\/span>fileless malware<\/b>, spyware, ransomware, etc., can go a long way. Most cyberattacks succeed due to employees’ lack of awareness alone. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Updating Browsers and Software<\/b><\/h3>\n

    You shouldn’t miss or ignore ‘update’ notifications or pop-ups. Usually, the updated versions have better codes that can fight new tactics of breaking into a system. Older versions of programs and operating systems are more susceptible to malware.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Final Thoughts<\/b><\/h2>\n

    Fileless malware<\/b> typically injects malicious codes into a system without using any files. This is generally done using phishing and social engineering tactics You should look for indicators of attack instead of compromise to detect such incidents. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Also, educate your employees to be careful while using the internet, especially with their email accounts. Ask them to avoid clicking any suspicious or unfamiliar links.
    \n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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