{"id":32810,"date":"2024-08-14T07:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T07:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/?p=32810"},"modified":"2025-10-14T14:19:26","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T14:19:26","slug":"what-are-rua-and-ruf-in-dmarc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/what-are-rua-and-ruf-in-dmarc\/","title":{"rendered":"What are RUA and RUF in DMARC?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">DMARC, or Domain-based Messaging Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance is an effective\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"editor-rtfLink\" href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/email-authentication-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">email authentication<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0system that protects against\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"editor-rtfLink\" href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/phishing-attacks-recognize-and-avoid-email-phishing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">phishing attacks<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0and detects fraud. The protocol also offers domain insights and visibility using two reporting features: RUA and RUF.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">You must understand these two reporting types if you\u2019re just starting with DMARC, especially as regional benchmarks including overall <a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/au\/ebook\/2025-state-of-dmarc-adoption-australia-global-insights\/\">DMARC adoption in Australia<\/a> highlight their role in enforcement. In this article, we explore what RUA and RUF tags are and why they\u2019re crucial in DMARC implementation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-8 maxbutton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/uac.easydmarc.com\/realms\/easydmarc\/protocol\/openid-connect\/registrations?client_id=dmarc-app&#038;response_type=code&#038;scope=openid+email&#038;redirect_uri=https:\/\/app.easydmarc.com\/login\/callback&#038;ui_locales=US&#038;state=eyJ1c2VySXAiOiIxOTUuMjUwLjcxLjIxMCIsImdvVXJsIjoiIiwibG9naW5PcHRpb25zIjp7fX0=\"><span class='mb-text'>Start Free Trial<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>What are DMARC Tags?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before we discuss DMARC tags, keep in mind that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/dmarc-step-by-step-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adding a DMARC record to your DNS<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is mandatory if you want to receive these reports. A DMARC record is a TXT record published in your DNS settings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This record encompasses a list of DMARC tags separated by semicolons, which, among other things, give the receiving email server instructions on what to do with emails that fail DMARC authentication checks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The tags in a DMARC record include v, p, ruf, rua, fo, and sp. Each tag is given a value that indicates a particular aspect of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/what-is-dmarc-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When creating a DMARC record, you don\u2019t need to include all the tags\u2014only three are vital\u2014rua, v, and p.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>RUA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; This tag indicates the URI of the email server that you nominate to receive DMARC aggregate reports. You need this if you want to receive feedback from receiving email servers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>p &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0This tag represents your chosen <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/what-is-a-dmarc-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC policy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which could be one of the following: none, quarantine, or reject. If you\u2019re new to DMARC, starting at \u201cp=none\u201d is advisable to monitor the domain channel before moving on to the quarantine and finally, the reject policy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>v &#8211;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 This is the DMARC version, which is usually DMARC1.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>What is RUA or the DMARC Aggregate Report Tag?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The RUA or Aggregate Report is the general report type that provides an overview of a domain\u2019s email traffic. They\u2019re the most vital report type and provide information about the status of DKIM, SPF, and DMARC authentication checks and the source that sent them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interestingly, this report doesn\u2019t contain any sensitive info about the email. An RUA DMARC report includes the following details:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the email passes the <a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/happyfox-spf-and-dkim-configuration-step-by-step\/\">SPF and DKIM authentication<\/a> checks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The IP address and the domain of the sender\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Header From domain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The time range and date of the report.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The DMARC policy applied.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This feedback is incredibly valuable to any organization that uses email. But even if you don\u2019t use a specific domain for email, setting up DMARC and receiving Aggregate Reports can still provide you with insights into phishing and domain spoofing attackers impersonating your domain\u2014which could negatively affect your business reputation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How Does an RUA Tag Work?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receiving email servers send RUA reports regularly to all domains with a properly implemented DMARC policy. These reports contain aggregate statistics encrypted in XML format, which are sent to the email address(es) following the \u201cmailto:\u201d specified in the RUA tag of your DMARC record.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In other words, the RUA tag is used to specify one or more email addresses where you want to receive DMARC Aggregate Reports.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The RUA tag contains a comma-separated list of email addresses with the \u201cmailto:\u201d prefix to which you want your DMARC Aggregate Reports sent. Here\u2019s a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC record example<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> showing RUA tag usage:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:email1@yourdomain.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The XML reports might be difficult to analyze if you don\u2019t have the technical knowledge to understand them. But with our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/tools\/dmarc-report-analyzer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">free DMARC Aggregate Report Analyzer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, you can collect, filter, and sort the reports for easy analysis in a human-readable format.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The domain or email indicated in the RUA tag must be permitted to receive <a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/understanding-dmarc-reports\/\">DMARC reports<\/a>. Otherwise, receiving email servers won\u2019t send reports. You can also allow an external domain to receive aggregate reports. This is called external domain verification.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-8 maxbutton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/uac.easydmarc.com\/realms\/easydmarc\/protocol\/openid-connect\/registrations?client_id=dmarc-app&#038;response_type=code&#038;scope=openid+email&#038;redirect_uri=https:\/\/app.easydmarc.com\/login\/callback&#038;ui_locales=US&#038;state=eyJ1c2VySXAiOiIxOTUuMjUwLjcxLjIxMCIsImdvVXJsIjoiIiwibG9naW5PcHRpb25zIjp7fX0=\"><span class='mb-text'>Start Free Trial<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>What is RUF or the DMARC Failure Report Tag?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The RUF or DMARC Failure (or Forensic) Report tag was designed to inform domain administrators about emails that fail SPF, DKIM, and DMARC authentication checks. In a RUF report, you\u2019ll find sensitive details about an email, including the header, subject, URLs, and attachments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, most organizations prefer not to request RUF reports due to privacy and compliance issues. The aim is to comply with privacy laws and prevent data breaches.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the RUF report, domain owners can easily identify the source of the emails that need remediation. Aside from providing forensic information, RUF reports also play a vital role in helping organizations strengthen their security. Benefits include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detailed information regarding individual emails.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instant reports allow domain administrators to identify malicious activities and proffer immediate mitigation plans quickly.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detailed information about all connected Internet Protocol addresses to help you recognize unauthorized IPs.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instant reports about emails that fail DMARC authentication checks.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While RUF reports can be an effective email authentication insight, domain owners in sensitive industries like finance, healthcare, education, and government should think twice before enabling them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, DMARC Forensic Reports can help identify spoofing attacks, allowing you to further protect your domain. These reports are typically only sent when both SPF and DKIM authentication and alignment fail.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How Does a RUF Tag Work?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RUF or Forensic reports are sent when an email purporting to come from your domain fails DMARC authentication. When the SPF and DKIM alignment fails, the Internet Service Provider generates a forensic report, indicating an issue with a sending IP.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like RUA reports, RUF reports are delivered to the \u201cmailto:\u201d address specified in the RUF tag of your <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/tools\/dmarc-lookup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC record<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These reports can give you insight into why some legitimate messages are failing, and you can also see how unauthorized IPs using your domain construct their messages.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The type of failure is reflected in the \u2018fo\u2019 tag, while the email address where you want to receive RUF reports are indicated in the \u2018ruf\u2019 tag, as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v=DMARC1; p=reject; rua=mailto:email1@yourdomain.com; ruf=mailto:email2@yourdomain.com; sp=none; fo=0;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Summary<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bad actors can utilize reputable organization domains to send legitimate-looking emails to compromise sensitive information. With DMARC reports, you can instruct receiving email servers to send you aggregate and forensic reports using <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/blog\/what-are-dmarc-tags-dmarc-tags-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC tags<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The aim is to provide maximum email security protection.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the RUF and RUA tags are optional, we recommend including them in your DMARC record. If you haven\u2019t created your DMARC record, you can use our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easydmarc.com\/tools\/dmarc-record-generator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMARC Record Generator<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to generate your record parameters.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s not enough to deploy the DMARC policy. You need to implement configuration correctly, which can be challenging. EasyDAMRC is ready to assist you and make your DMARC journey easy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DMARC, or Domain-based Messaging Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[285,203],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dmarc","category-email-security"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What are RUA and RUF in DMARC? | EasyDMARC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about RUA and RUF in DMARC and how they improve email authentication. 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